After analyzing the government report on labor relations, explain how the issues in northern West Virginia coalfields compare/contrast to the conditions in southern West Virginia coalfields?.Using Civil War in West Virginia and the public radio program, please outline the issues at stake for the West Virginia miners during the West Virginia mine wars? Why did the issue of unionization generate such violence? Do you believe the struggle of the southern West Virginia coalfields could have been solved using tactics other than violence?.According to the investigative report, what were the conditions in Paint Creek before and during the strike? Were rights of the miners violated in any way?.According to its constitution, what are the purposes of the UMWA and what is its protocol for union-organized strikes? Do you see any flaws in the union’s outlined plans? Please identify and explain.What emotions do these images evoke at first? After taking a second look, how would you describe West Virginia coal camps to someone from outside West Virginia? Do you believe these images match the descriptions in the pamphlet called “Life in a West Virginia Coal Field”? Consider the photograph of a tipple, the photograph of a coal-stained house, the photograph of a school, and the photograph of company-owned cabins.What are the exact and relative geographic location of these sites according to the map? How would one explain the topography of this region? What is the role of West Virginia’s geography in the establishment of the coal camps? Using the map and the book listing coal mines in West Virginia, explain where most West Virginia coal mines are located.What descriptors might one use to define the physical characteristics of a piece of coal?.This set will help students understand the labor movement among coal miners and serve as a springboard for broader exploration of unionized employment in the United States.
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These events were pivotal for the prospect of unionized labor in America, but were little more than side notes in American history until the 1987 movie Matewan and the 1987 book Storming Heaven. Many divisive and bloody actions took place in the southern West Virginia coalfields in response to the call for unionization, including the Paint Creek Massacre, the Matewan Massacre, and the Battle of Blair Mountain. In a 1912 speech during the Paint Creek mining strike, Jones said: “This day marks the forward march of the workers in the state of West Virginia.” Jones described working conditions in the mines and living conditions in the camps as twentieth-century slavery. Mary Harris Jones, called Mother Jones, was one of the labor leaders who advocated for such change. Forced to pay for rent, clothes, food, medical and burial expenses, and even their mining equipment out of meager wages, miners were often trapped in a system that had them “owing their souls to the company store.” This cycle of debt, paired with dangerous working conditions, continuous threats of layoffs due to the market price of coal, and a lack of sanitary housing or adequate schools, left miners angry and ready for change. Miners got their wages in scrip, a company-created currency accepted in the company store and all but worthless outside the camp. Before unionization, each miner worked in a specified territory and was paid per ton of coal extracted.
Most West Virginia mines were owned by out-of-state interests who took little interest in the mines’ day-to-day work.
Coal was used to heat homes, generate cheap electricity, and produce steel it was therefore important for a reunited country experiencing a second industrial revolution. Bituminous coal mining spread throughout the newly formed state of West Virginia in the years following the Civil War.
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